Pituitary Gland - Function and Hormone Production

The pituitary gland is a small endocrine organ that controls a multitude of important functions in the body. It is divided into an anterior lobe, intermediate zone, and posterior lobe, all of which are involved in either  hormone production or hormone secretion.  The pituitary gland is termed the Master Gland because it directs other  organs  and endocrine glands to either suppress or induce hormone production. Key Takeaways: Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is called the Master Gland because it directs a multitude of endocrine functions in the body. It regulates hormone activity in other endocrine glands and organs.Pituitary activity is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, a brain region connected to the pituitary by the pituitary stalk.The pituitary is composed of an anterior and posterior lobe with an intermediate region between the two.Hormones of the anterior pituitary include adrenocorticotropin hormones (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).Hormones stored by the posterior pituitary include antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is an intermediate pituitary hormone. Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex The pituitary gland and hypothalamus are closely connected both structurally and functionally. The hypothalamus is an important brain structure that has both nervous system and endocrine system function. It serves as a link between the two systems translating nervous system messages into endocrine hormones. The posterior pituitary is composed of axons that extend from the neurons of the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary also stores hypothalmic hormones.  Blood vessel connections between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary allow hypothalamic hormones to control anterior pituitary hormone production and secretion. The hypothalamus-pituitary complex serves to maintain homeostasis by monitoring and adjusting physiological processes through hormone secretion. Pituitary Function The pituitary gland is involved in several functions of the body including: Growth hormone productionProduction of hormones that act on other endocrine glandsProduction of hormones that act on the muscles and the kidneysEndocrine function regulationStorage of hormones produced by the hypothalamus Location Directionally, the pituitary gland is located in the middle of the base of the brain, inferior to the hypothalamus. It is nestled  within  a depression in the sphenoid bone of the skull called the sella turcica. The  pituitary gland extends from and is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk-like structure called the infundibulum, or pituitary stalk. Pituitary Hormones The posterior pituitary lobe does not produce hormones but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Posterior pituitary hormones include antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. The anterior pituitary lobe produces six hormones that are either stimulated or inhibited by hypothalamic hormone secretion. The intermediate pituitary zone produces and secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone. This image shows hormones of the pituitary and their affected organs. ttsz /iStock / Getty Images Plus Anterior Pituitary Hormones Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH):  stimulates the adrenal glands to produce the stress hormone cortisol.Growth Hormone:  stimulates growth of tissues and bone, as well as the breakdown of fat.Luteinizing Hormone (LH):  stimulates male and female gonads to release sex hormones, testosterone in men and estrogens and progesterone in women.Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH):  promotes the production of male and female gametes (sperm and ova).Prolactin (PRL):  stimulates breast development and milk production in women.Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH):  stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones. Posterior Pituitary Hormones Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): helps maintain water balance by decreasing water loss in urine.Oxytocin - promotes lactation, maternal behavior, social bonding, and sexual arousal. Intermediate Pituitary Hormones Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH): promotes melanin production in skin cells called melanocytes.  This induces skin darkening. Pituitary Disorders Pituitary disorders result in the disruption of normal pituitary function and the proper functioning of target organs of pituitary hormones. These disorders are most commonly the result of tumors, which cause the pituitary to produce either not enough or too much of a hormone. In hypopituitarism, the pituitary produces low levels of hormones. The insufficiency of pituitary hormone production causes a deficiency in the production of hormones in other glands. For example, a deficiency in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production can result in an under-active thyroid gland. Lack of thyroid hormone production slows down normal body functions. Symptoms that may arise include weight gain, weakness, constipation, and depression. Insufficient levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production by the pituitary results in under-active adrenal glands. Adrenal gland hormones are important for maintaining vital body functions such as blood pressure control and water balance. This conditio n is also known as Addisons disease and can be fatal if not treated. In hyperpituitarism, the pituitary is overactive producing hormones in excess. An overproduction of growth hormone may result in acromegaly in adults. This condition results in excessive growth of bones and tissues in the hands, feet, and face. In children, overproduction of growth hormone may result in gigantism. Overproduction of ACTH causes the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol, which results in problems related to metabolism regulation. Overproduction of the pituitary hormone TSH may result in  hyperthyroidism, or the overproduction of thyroid hormones. An overactive thyroid produces symptoms such as nervousness, weight loss, irregular heartbeat, and fatigue. Sources Acromegaly. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1 Apr. 2012, www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/acromegaly.Pituitary Gland. Hormone Health Network, Endocrine Society, www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/glands/pituitary-gland.

Gang Violence A Serious Problem - 1561 Words

Gang violence is a serious problem in America today, and it is also prevalent in the other countries in the world. â€Å"According to a national gang survey, the most recent estimate indicates that there were about 760,000 gang members in 24,000 gangs in the United States in 2004† this just supports the statement that it is a huge problem in the United States (Cooper, 2009, p. 1). Unfortunately, the Youth of America and these other countries have been a large demographic of these gangs for many years due to many contributing factors. One criminal factor that initiates gang violence are the overwhelming presence of adolescents and young adults involved with gangs, Celinda Franco states that not only youth participants but whole â€Å"youth gangs† have been on the radar for policy makers since the early 1900’s (Cooper, 2009, p. 2). Another factor is the nature of the remorseless and often violent nature of these gang related offenses many gang members act as if they have no conscience and no values, and the fact that a large percentage are â€Å"easy to influence† youth doesn’t help the case that most commit gang crimes on a whim. Finally, the fact that most of these gang related offenses that the youth carries o ut are in poverty stricken neighborhoods that have very poor socioeconomic status, this it is a bad situation that is difficult to escape from because young adults and adolescents do not have the means to move outside this zone and may never attain this goal (Cooper, 2009, p. 3).Show MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs Has Been All Over The World1726 Words   |  7 Pagescome along with drugs such as people becoming addicts, violence, and crime in general, drug lords, and a plethora of other problems. 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Environmental Problems Free Essays

All cities experience environmental problems to a lesser or greater degree, usually causing great obstruction to the developers that attempt to improve the urban environment. The brown agenda that obstructs this includes these issues: * Waste * Dereliction * Air pollution * Noise * Water supply * Environmental health * Urban ecosystems Waste products and waste disposal * Solids from paper, packaging and toxic waste increase as the numbers and affluence increase * Liquid sewage and industrial waste both rise exponentially * Sewage control in Calcutta, India-during the monsoon season sewage can be seen pouring down the side of the street where the drains are insufficient to cope. * Contamination and health hazards from poor systems of disposal, e. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. rat infestation and waterborne diseases * An example of an MEDC problem of waste disposal is in the ‘Bronx’, south of New-York-rubbish continually clutters the streets, just like in the squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Solutions: Solutions to any problem are made more difficult by the lack of available resources and the sheer scale of the problems faced. * Improved public awareness-recycling etc, landfill sites, incineration plants and export to other areas (usually MEDC to LEDC) * Development of effective sewage systems and treatment plants including recycling of brown water for industrial use * Rubbish management-refuse collection, and recycling by informal groups or councils Dereliction of land: * Can obstruct development-due to a number of reasons- Toxic leaks that enable a growth of development on the land Unsightly areas-abandoned areas where buildings are in ruins, e.g. Cairo, Egypt, the buildings decline but not restored-leaving them abandoned a huge safety hazard. * Dereliction also occurs in MEDCs such as in the ‘Bronx’, New-York, during the 1970s landlords were burning down their properties to claim insurance money-the buildings are boarded up and left derelict and impossible to restore-resulting in brown field sites. Solutions: * Demolishing the ruins of buildings-and re-building on top. * Toxic leaks are very difficult to tackle-the ground has to be drained of the chemicals and this is a long and expensive process. Brown field sites are very unattractive to developers-the sites are much more expensive and unpredictable than green-field sites. There is the problem of toxic waste spilling up from the ground. * There are many schemes set up in the UK for demolishing vacant or crumbling buildings-for example in Manchester many tower block houses are demolished for redevelopment. Pollution of air: * Major problem in most developing world cities. * The drive to industrialization brings with it inevitable problems, especially as legislation to protect the environment is often non-existent or rarely enforced. * The hidden economy can add to the levels of pollution as small, unlicensed industries are set up in peoples homes or on rooftops. These industries release their pollutants into the air, land and water. * Air in Mexico City is so poor that breathing it is like smoking 60 cigarettes a day * Poisonous gas explosions at Bhapal killed 3300 people and seriously injured 150 000 * Photochemical smog formation closely related to urban sprawl * Not caused by traffic alone-factories, waste, incinerators and power plants produce pollutants, especially were industrial plants are old * Some specialist chemical pollution-dangers of explosions etc * Issued of acid deposition Solutions: * Closure of old factories and importation of clean technology, e.g filters, use of cleaner fuel, not coal or wood * Cars can be fitted with catalytic converters, use of un-leaded petrol * Movement from private transport to public-this is an example of green transport planning. This will reduce the release of harmful chemicals such as Carbon Monoxide (which can attach to the red blood cells and cause serious lung problems and even death), Nitrogen Oxide etc caused by the factors mentioned. * Pollution levels can also be monitored and guidelines be released over the levels of pollution in certain areas. Noise: * Rising car ownership-traffic congesting the roads presents a major noise problem-as the roads get busier and more congested the noise levels soar * Factories and power plants are a huge noise pollutant-especially in old factories-the large machinery is not fitted with silencers and is extremely noisy throughout the majority of the day * Dams and electrical plants, mines etc Solutions: * Reduce the amount of traffic on the roads-promote public transport etc * Update the factories with more advanced, quieter, machinery * Promote more energy efficient, quieter, electrical plants- i.e. wind turbines etc Water Supply: * Overuse of ground water led to subsidence and flooding in Bangkok * Cities consume large amounts of water, especially as incomes rise: aquifier depletion, ground subsidence and low flow of rivers * Leaking sewers are also a major threat to the water supply-for example the villages of Kanpur or Varansi, India, leak untreated sewage into the Ganga-spreading disease through the villages in India. * The water supply can also become polluted as inadequate sewerage facilities allow the spread of harmful bacteria-can lead to death from water-borne disease-one of the biggest causes of high infant mortality rates. * Lack a clean water supply means that the risks of disease are very high. * Water pollution Untreated sewage from the Ganga from cities such as Kanpur or Varanasi In urban areas, water pollution results from leaking sewers, landfill and industrial waste, including oil and chemicals In some LEDCs, agricultural pollution from fertilizers and manure is a problem In some LEDCs, agricultural pollution from fertilizers and manure is a problem-leaking into the water supply Solutions: * Reservoirs * Pipeline constructions (Development of drainage systems and sewers) * Desalination of salt water * Water conservation strategies * Control points-regulation etc * Installing sewage treatment plants in the largest river settlements * Providing low-cost sanitation facilities and bathing areas * Building electric powered crematoria to reduce the numbers of bodies being burnt on the river banks * Putting flesh-eating turtles in the river to clear up the body remains * Monitoring river quality to ensure that water quality consistently improves * Promoting organic farming-elimination of chemical fertilizers and pesticides etc Environmental Health: * Air in Mexico City, Mexico, is so poor that breathing it is like smoking 60 cigarettes a day. * Chemicals such as Carbon Monoxide (which can attach to the red blood cells and cause serious lung problems and even death), Nitrogen Oxide etc * Contaminated water can spread diseases such as Cholera etc * These factors reduce the quality of life and life expectancy, and cause serious health problems-restricted breathing and rapid increase of contracting cancer etc Solutions- see solutions in tackling water contamination/air pollution etc In conclusion, many problems have been tackled, but throwing technology and capital at them does not instantly solve environmental problems. Recycling for example is not always a good way of reducing the build up of waste. For example in Manila, Philippines, children scavenge on refuse sites collecting cans for recycling. As well as being unpleasant, the risk of injury is high and any cuts will become infected. Development in urban areas is usually hindered by environmental problems-which seems to be the worst factor to overcome due to the fact that the environment is very un co-operative and many problems are ‘pushed under the carpet’ as such and the problems increase to un manageable levels-both in LEDCs and MEDCs. However, MEDCs seem to be developed quicker and at more sustainable levels-due to more money in the government-more resources and grants awarded. LEDCs are developed however, but it takes a lot longer due to lack of money, resources and usually much more extremes of problems. An example of a LEDC scheme trying to improve urban areas is in India-The Ganga Action Plan-1986 the Indian government launched this to improve the water quality by: * Installing sewage treatment plants in the largest river settlements * Providing low-cost sanitation facilities and bathing areas * Building electric powered crematoria to reduce the numbers of bodies being burnt on the river banks * Putting flesh-eating turtles in the river to clear up the body remains * Monitoring river quality to ensure that water quality consistently improves * Educating local people in the need for separation of sewage and house-hold waste Case Studies that include environmental problems LEDCs: Calcutta, India * Western image is of filth and squalor- people living in cardboard boxes and newspapers on the street or people sitting on the top of buses in a ‘people-jam’. * Sewage pouring down the side of the street in the monsoon season. * These grim images of Calcutta reflect the enormous environmental problems faced result of both physical and human factors. Shanty towns- e.g. India etc * The shantytown is likely to be found on inappropriate land. * Could be prone to flooding or is very steeply sloping, increasing the chances of a landslip. * It could be on a piece of land that has been badly polluted by a neighbouring industry. The shelters made of wood and high population densities increase the risk of fire. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil * 1/3 of the population lives in favelas: In favelas, the shortage of utilities is constant: all utilities are below standard access. Water is usually accessed by tapping into a water main that runs near the favela. Only about 50% of the people living in favelas have access to an indoor toilet-the sewage then runs through open ditches and eventually runs up to street level-creating an incredible health hazard. * Incineration of the waste can easily ignite many of the wooden houses and cause people become sick due to the smoke. * Since the city often does not live up to its obligation to haul away the trash, it can build up on street and become a source for disease. Cairo, Egypt * South of the delta * Some squatter settlements * City of the dead-people live in the buildings for the tombs-no water system, sewage system, shops etc in this area-lack of provisions * Very crowded-people living on the roofs * Housing declines-the buildings crumbling-are not restored * Rubbish, waste, sewage problems * Pollution * Sewage systems broken-floods the streets * Rubbish-Christians recycle the rubbish from the dumps-but Muslims won’t due to their religion-Might have pig products there Solutions: * Egyptian and British scheme-water system-pipes set up for sewage all across the county-but slurry is pumped up to the streets from the construction-spreading disease etc MEDCs: The ‘Bronx’, New-York * Poor repairs-houses burnt down in 1970’s to claim money off the government-landlords used to burn them down * Healthcare-poorer than the ‘white area’ * Rubbish cluttering up the streets * People living on the streets * Air pollution from the city-the buildings and factories are old-not filter systems-lots of air pollution * Boarded up houses-dereliction-leads to brown field sites Hackney, London, UK * Lifts are smelly etc-people urinate in the lifts * Construction in the flats are failing, the rooms are damp, they are expensive to maintain * Elderly people contract pneumonia from the damp conditions-causes health problems like bronchitis Solutions: * Demolishment of the blocks of flats * Rebuilding of flats-cleaner-easier to maintain-CCTV cameras set up http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html How to cite Environmental Problems, Papers

Sustainable Tourism Management for Poverty- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSustainable Tourism Management for Poverty Allevation. Answer: The sustainable tourism refers to the idea of visiting a place as a tourist with the intention of influencing the economy, environment and the society of the concerned tourist place of attraction in a positive manner. The sustainable tourism aims to establish a suitable balance among the economic, the environmental and the sociocultural aspects of the development in the tourism industry. The sustainable tourism makes an attempt to minimize the effects of tourism industry on the local environment and the culture of the concerned place of tourism (Edgell Sr, 2016). The following essay deals with the ways in order to achieve the six major goals of the sustainable tourism. The essay argues on the ways in which the sustainable tourism might help in the creation of the positive changes in the matters pertaining to the goals that have been addressed in the essay. Poverty is an issue that can be perceived as both relative and absolute. The relative levels of poverty are found in the matters that pertain to the comparison between the standards of living that exist among the people who have been residing in the country. The absolute levels of the poverty deals with the inability of a certain section of the society to procure for themselves the basic needs of the human kind (Truong, Hall Garry, 2014). The various areas that are affected by the poverty pertain to the economic issues, the environmental issues and social factors and the political factors. The sustainable tourism might help in putting an end to the issue of poverty in the concerned areas by increasing the number of employment areas in the concerned tourist spot. The major tourist attractions like the beaches might help the local population to find scope for development in terms of the financial issues (Saarinen Rogerson, 2014). The huge number of the international tourists in the m odern economy might help in the eradication of the poverty that exists among the underdeveloped nations of the country. The sustainable tourism also proves to have a remedial effect on the hunger issues that have been existing within the concerned countries. The sustainable tourism is observed to have been beneficial for the concerned society by promoting the sustainable agriculture in the concerned society (Pillay Rogerson, 2013). The tourism industry is capable of providing for the demands and the support that is required for the production of the food, the incurred costs for the required energy sources and the localized inter-sector growth in the economy. The tourism industry also affects the jobs and the livelihoods that are led by the locals of the concerned tourist spot. The resorts that are dedicated to the purpose of the tourism might help in this activity by letting the tourists of the place take part in the activity of the preparation of the food and in the process promote the activities like the agritourism or the agritourism as well as the activities like the culinary tourism (LaPan Barb ieri, 2014). The tourism industry might also assist the addressal of the issues that pertain to the gender inequality and the empowerment of the women and the girls. The sustainable tourism industry might help the empowerment of women through the creation of the various job openings for them. The sustainable tourism industry might be helpful for the maintenance of the gender equality as well as in empowering the women by enabling their participation in the manufacture of the products that are popular among the tourists who visit the concerned area (Ferguson Alarcn, 2015). The major ways that might be implemented in order to achieve the gender equality in the tourism industry is ensuring the equality in the financial assistance and the opportunities of training and education that have been extended towards the locals irrespective of their genders. The tourism industry might also help in the promotion of the productive employment among the various residents of the concerned area. The tourism industry might allow the various job openings in the fields of the constructions, marketing, finances, guidance and other such major fields (Ruhanen, 2013). The major openings that are facilitated by the tourism industry are the areas that pertain to the food and beverage departments, gardening departments, the departments that are responsible for the decoration of the various places of stay in the concerned tourist area. The tourism industry is majorly dependent on the infrastructure of the concerned region that has been chosen for tourism. The tourism industry tends to reach even the most remote areas of the country thereby enabling the need for the innovation in the infrastructure of the concerned area that might help in the growth in the tourism department (Jamal Camargo, 2014). This might help the government of the concerned area to exercise the incentives that might be necessary in order to bring about the needed changes and improvements in the infrastructure required for attracting the tourists. The tourism industry might hugely affect the marine conservation in various ways. The marine ecosystem of the world is highly affected by the activities that result in the changes of the marine temperature and the increase in the acidification of the oceanic waters due to the increase in the amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The sustainable tourism must be linked to the various plans that are made in order to bring about the preservation of the fragile marine ecosystems like the seagrass meadows and the coral reefs. The sustainable modes of tourism might help to bring about a rise in the local awareness of the financial value of the cultural and the natural sites and helps in instilling a sense of pride among the concerned people regarding the local and the national heritage (Doiron Weissenberger, 2014). This in turn would instill an interest in the local residents regarding the conservation of the same. Thus, from the above discussion it might be concluded that the sustainable tourism plays an important role in the bringing about a positive change in the environmental and the social factors that have been presented as the sustainable development goals that are expected to be achieved by the year 2030. The sustainability of the tourism industry might help in the addressal of the goals that have been mentioned within the sustainability development goals that have been declared by the United Nations. References Doiron, S., Weissenberger, S. (2014). Sustainable dive tourism: Social and environmental impactsThe case of Roatan, Honduras.Tourism Management Perspectives,10, 19-26. Edgell Sr, D. L. (2016).Managing sustainable tourism: A legacy for the future. Routledge. Ferguson, L., Alarcn, D. M. (2015). Gender and sustainable tourism: reflections on theory and practice.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(3), 401-416. Jamal, T., Camargo, B. A. (2014). Sustainable tourism, justice and an ethic of care: Toward the just destination.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(1), 11-30. LaPan, C., Barbieri, C. (2014). The role of agritourism in heritage preservation.Current Issues in Tourism,17(8), 666-673. Pillay, M., Rogerson, C. M. (2013). Agriculture-tourism linkages and pro-poor impacts: The accommodation sector of urban coastal KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Applied Geography,36, 49-58. Ruhanen, L. (2013). Local government: facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development?.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(1), 80-98. Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. M. (2014). Tourism and the millennium development goals: Perspectives beyond 2015.Tourism Geographies,16(1), 23-30. Truong, V. D., Hall, C. M., Garry, T. (2014). Tourism and poverty alleviation: Perceptions and experiences of poor people in Sapa, Vietnam.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(7), 1071-1089.